% This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST ocean temperture % field. % % Two versions of this average are reported. These differ in how they treat % locations with sea ice. In the first version, temperature anomalies in the % presence of sea ice are extrapolated from land-surface air temperature anomalies. % In the second version, temperature anomalies in the presence of sea ice are % extrapolated from sea-surface water temperature anomalies (usually collected % from open water areas on the periphery of the sea ice). For most of the % ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar to near-surface air temperatures; % however, air temperatures above sea ice can differ substantially from the water % below the sea ice. The air temperature version of this average shows larger % changes in the recent period, in part this is because water temperature changes % are limited by the freezing point of ocean water. We believe that the use of air % temperatures above sea ice provides a more natural means of describing changes in % Earth's surface temperature. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. Prior to 1900, the ice field merely % repeats a seasonal climatology and is not directly constrained by observations. % For more information on the processing and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to % the description file for the combined gridded data product. % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies % relative to the Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence % interval for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 08-Jan-2016 09:26:34 % The ocean analysis was published on 11-Jan-2016 18:55:06 % % The land component is based on 42035 time series % with 16252216 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 327576738 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (C) % Using air temperature above sea ice: 14.762 +/- 0.049 % Using water temperature below sea ice: 15.299 +/- 0.049 % % % Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc., Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.462 0.194 NaN NaN -0.432 0.183 NaN NaN 1851 -0.323 0.225 NaN NaN -0.308 0.209 NaN NaN 1852 -0.316 0.205 -0.359 0.143 -0.293 0.191 -0.337 0.131 1853 -0.365 0.166 -0.329 0.123 -0.344 0.156 -0.306 0.115 1854 -0.328 0.142 -0.353 0.111 -0.309 0.135 -0.329 0.104 1855 -0.313 0.144 -0.406 0.107 -0.278 0.137 -0.379 0.100 1856 -0.444 0.148 -0.422 0.109 -0.420 0.140 -0.393 0.102 1857 -0.581 0.170 -0.434 0.112 -0.541 0.159 -0.406 0.105 1858 -0.443 0.162 -0.459 0.113 -0.418 0.153 -0.433 0.106 1859 -0.390 0.161 -0.477 0.117 -0.370 0.155 -0.449 0.112 1860 -0.437 0.153 -0.483 0.120 -0.417 0.151 -0.453 0.116 1861 -0.534 0.184 -0.475 0.129 -0.499 0.182 -0.442 0.127 1862 -0.611 0.192 -0.483 0.132 -0.559 0.189 -0.448 0.131 1863 -0.402 0.209 -0.461 0.140 -0.364 0.208 -0.426 0.141 1864 -0.430 0.167 -0.408 0.139 -0.403 0.170 -0.374 0.142 1865 -0.327 0.195 -0.336 0.139 -0.303 0.200 -0.311 0.143 1866 -0.269 0.183 -0.301 0.129 -0.243 0.188 -0.278 0.134 1867 -0.251 0.185 -0.264 0.124 -0.241 0.188 -0.245 0.129 1868 -0.229 0.154 -0.261 0.109 -0.203 0.159 -0.243 0.113 1869 -0.244 0.137 -0.271 0.101 -0.234 0.138 -0.253 0.103 1870 -0.313 0.134 -0.280 0.092 -0.295 0.133 -0.261 0.092 1871 -0.319 0.146 -0.289 0.089 -0.294 0.143 -0.271 0.088 1872 -0.297 0.130 -0.309 0.092 -0.280 0.128 -0.292 0.090 1873 -0.270 0.130 -0.329 0.092 -0.250 0.128 -0.309 0.089 1874 -0.345 0.133 -0.348 0.089 -0.343 0.131 -0.328 0.086 1875 -0.412 0.121 -0.295 0.092 -0.377 0.120 -0.276 0.089 1876 -0.417 0.127 -0.229 0.088 -0.390 0.125 -0.214 0.085 1877 -0.029 0.123 -0.212 0.084 -0.017 0.122 -0.192 0.081 1878 0.059 0.114 -0.194 0.078 0.058 0.114 -0.175 0.077 1879 -0.263 0.105 -0.157 0.073 -0.235 0.103 -0.139 0.072 1880 -0.320 0.101 -0.208 0.069 -0.291 0.101 -0.185 0.068 1881 -0.233 0.099 -0.291 0.066 -0.212 0.098 -0.264 0.065 1882 -0.282 0.095 -0.343 0.064 -0.243 0.095 -0.310 0.063 1883 -0.360 0.087 -0.376 0.065 -0.336 0.086 -0.341 0.063 1884 -0.518 0.089 -0.431 0.066 -0.466 0.086 -0.391 0.062 1885 -0.489 0.098 -0.482 0.067 -0.445 0.093 -0.439 0.063 1886 -0.505 0.090 -0.477 0.070 -0.464 0.086 -0.433 0.065 1887 -0.536 0.089 -0.416 0.071 -0.484 0.086 -0.377 0.066 1888 -0.339 0.094 -0.417 0.070 -0.306 0.091 -0.380 0.066 1889 -0.210 0.098 -0.395 0.070 -0.186 0.095 -0.358 0.067 1890 -0.495 0.096 -0.376 0.071 -0.459 0.095 -0.345 0.069 1891 -0.394 0.096 -0.390 0.072 -0.356 0.097 -0.361 0.070 1892 -0.442 0.098 -0.429 0.070 -0.417 0.098 -0.401 0.069 1893 -0.407 0.099 -0.401 0.067 -0.387 0.098 -0.375 0.067 1894 -0.410 0.089 -0.371 0.065 -0.385 0.091 -0.346 0.065 1895 -0.355 0.089 -0.331 0.063 -0.331 0.091 -0.307 0.064 1896 -0.242 0.090 -0.338 0.062 -0.209 0.091 -0.312 0.063 1897 -0.243 0.091 -0.311 0.062 -0.224 0.093 -0.286 0.062 1898 -0.442 0.095 -0.273 0.063 -0.413 0.094 -0.251 0.063 1899 -0.275 0.090 -0.273 0.065 -0.251 0.090 -0.254 0.064 1900 -0.165 0.094 -0.298 0.064 -0.156 0.094 -0.277 0.063 1901 -0.238 0.093 -0.306 0.064 -0.226 0.093 -0.287 0.062 1902 -0.370 0.079 -0.353 0.062 -0.341 0.080 -0.335 0.061 1903 -0.482 0.085 -0.392 0.059 -0.463 0.084 -0.373 0.058 1904 -0.508 0.081 -0.402 0.056 -0.489 0.081 -0.381 0.055 1905 -0.362 0.077 -0.419 0.055 -0.345 0.077 -0.398 0.054 1906 -0.288 0.074 -0.416 0.052 -0.268 0.075 -0.397 0.052 1907 -0.454 0.072 -0.421 0.050 -0.425 0.073 -0.402 0.050 1908 -0.469 0.071 -0.450 0.048 -0.461 0.071 -0.429 0.048 1909 -0.533 0.067 -0.498 0.047 -0.509 0.067 -0.480 0.047 1910 -0.508 0.063 -0.497 0.045 -0.480 0.064 -0.479 0.046 1911 -0.527 0.063 -0.486 0.044 -0.523 0.064 -0.465 0.045 1912 -0.446 0.061 -0.427 0.044 -0.423 0.062 -0.408 0.045 1913 -0.415 0.065 -0.361 0.045 -0.391 0.065 -0.343 0.046 1914 -0.242 0.069 -0.340 0.047 -0.223 0.070 -0.318 0.048 1915 -0.176 0.076 -0.356 0.050 -0.156 0.079 -0.332 0.052 1916 -0.423 0.077 -0.349 0.053 -0.398 0.079 -0.321 0.055 1917 -0.525 0.080 -0.360 0.056 -0.490 0.083 -0.335 0.058 1918 -0.378 0.087 -0.380 0.058 -0.340 0.089 -0.359 0.059 1919 -0.297 0.084 -0.336 0.057 -0.293 0.086 -0.319 0.058 1920 -0.279 0.077 -0.289 0.055 -0.273 0.079 -0.278 0.056 1921 -0.201 0.070 -0.268 0.052 -0.197 0.072 -0.264 0.053 1922 -0.292 0.066 -0.261 0.049 -0.287 0.067 -0.258 0.050 1923 -0.272 0.065 -0.249 0.048 -0.272 0.066 -0.245 0.049 1924 -0.261 0.065 -0.223 0.047 -0.260 0.065 -0.217 0.048 1925 -0.219 0.067 -0.202 0.047 -0.209 0.068 -0.195 0.048 1926 -0.073 0.064 -0.181 0.047 -0.058 0.065 -0.174 0.048 1927 -0.184 0.061 -0.198 0.046 -0.177 0.062 -0.189 0.047 1928 -0.167 0.065 -0.178 0.046 -0.167 0.065 -0.172 0.046 1929 -0.349 0.063 -0.177 0.045 -0.332 0.063 -0.175 0.046 1930 -0.119 0.063 -0.162 0.046 -0.127 0.064 -0.162 0.047 1931 -0.067 0.063 -0.188 0.046 -0.071 0.064 -0.186 0.046 1932 -0.109 0.065 -0.150 0.045 -0.112 0.065 -0.150 0.046 1933 -0.297 0.064 -0.165 0.045 -0.287 0.064 -0.161 0.045 1934 -0.158 0.060 -0.180 0.045 -0.155 0.060 -0.174 0.045 1935 -0.195 0.061 -0.154 0.044 -0.181 0.062 -0.151 0.044 1936 -0.142 0.060 -0.090 0.043 -0.133 0.060 -0.095 0.043 1937 0.024 0.059 -0.060 0.043 0.001 0.059 -0.063 0.043 1938 0.022 0.057 -0.001 0.044 -0.006 0.058 -0.013 0.044 1939 -0.005 0.063 0.042 0.044 0.003 0.064 0.031 0.045 1940 0.096 0.071 0.043 0.048 0.073 0.073 0.036 0.050 1941 0.072 0.073 0.053 0.054 0.085 0.076 0.046 0.056 1942 0.029 0.087 0.087 0.059 0.026 0.091 0.076 0.062 1943 0.072 0.088 0.075 0.062 0.046 0.092 0.067 0.065 1944 0.167 0.087 0.053 0.060 0.150 0.091 0.043 0.062 1945 0.034 0.086 0.058 0.055 0.031 0.090 0.040 0.057 1946 -0.037 0.085 0.034 0.054 -0.037 0.089 0.023 0.057 1947 0.054 0.083 -0.015 0.056 0.010 0.087 -0.022 0.058 1948 -0.049 0.085 -0.053 0.059 -0.038 0.089 -0.060 0.062 1949 -0.080 0.067 -0.043 0.056 -0.077 0.070 -0.051 0.059 1950 -0.156 0.064 -0.038 0.053 -0.160 0.067 -0.040 0.055 1951 0.016 0.061 0.000 0.049 0.011 0.064 -0.008 0.051 1952 0.080 0.062 0.006 0.047 0.064 0.065 -0.006 0.049 1953 0.142 0.062 0.015 0.045 0.122 0.064 0.001 0.047 1954 -0.053 0.058 -0.023 0.043 -0.069 0.061 -0.040 0.045 1955 -0.109 0.057 -0.025 0.042 -0.125 0.059 -0.038 0.044 1956 -0.177 0.054 -0.039 0.040 -0.194 0.055 -0.046 0.042 1957 0.071 0.059 -0.020 0.039 0.074 0.059 -0.024 0.040 1958 0.071 0.049 0.002 0.037 0.083 0.051 -0.001 0.038 1959 0.044 0.046 0.053 0.034 0.041 0.049 0.054 0.036 1960 0.000 0.046 0.045 0.035 -0.008 0.048 0.044 0.036 1961 0.077 0.042 0.045 0.034 0.080 0.045 0.043 0.035 1962 0.034 0.051 -0.003 0.034 0.026 0.051 -0.001 0.035 1963 0.073 0.045 -0.023 0.034 0.077 0.047 -0.021 0.035 1964 -0.196 0.044 -0.045 0.033 -0.182 0.046 -0.044 0.035 1965 -0.101 0.044 -0.050 0.032 -0.104 0.046 -0.050 0.034 1966 -0.033 0.041 -0.075 0.031 -0.035 0.043 -0.072 0.032 1967 0.007 0.038 -0.018 0.029 -0.005 0.040 -0.018 0.030 1968 -0.052 0.038 0.005 0.027 -0.036 0.040 0.010 0.028 1969 0.090 0.035 -0.009 0.026 0.091 0.037 -0.003 0.027 1970 0.016 0.034 -0.013 0.025 0.033 0.036 -0.004 0.027 1971 -0.104 0.036 0.017 0.024 -0.100 0.037 0.025 0.025 1972 -0.012 0.036 -0.026 0.024 -0.007 0.037 -0.020 0.025 1973 0.095 0.033 -0.043 0.024 0.105 0.034 -0.039 0.025 1974 -0.125 0.036 -0.058 0.023 -0.131 0.037 -0.052 0.024 1975 -0.069 0.034 -0.032 0.023 -0.061 0.036 -0.029 0.024 1976 -0.178 0.034 -0.053 0.023 -0.168 0.036 -0.050 0.023 1977 0.115 0.033 -0.011 0.021 0.109 0.035 -0.001 0.022 1978 -0.006 0.033 0.043 0.020 0.001 0.034 0.050 0.021 1979 0.082 0.030 0.129 0.020 0.115 0.031 0.127 0.021 1980 0.204 0.033 0.112 0.021 0.192 0.033 0.113 0.022 1981 0.250 0.033 0.157 0.022 0.217 0.034 0.157 0.023 1982 0.029 0.035 0.152 0.022 0.042 0.037 0.143 0.023 1983 0.220 0.037 0.119 0.023 0.221 0.038 0.113 0.024 1984 0.056 0.034 0.086 0.023 0.045 0.035 0.087 0.024 1985 0.039 0.033 0.126 0.023 0.041 0.034 0.123 0.024 1986 0.088 0.035 0.137 0.024 0.085 0.037 0.130 0.025 1987 0.226 0.034 0.157 0.025 0.225 0.036 0.150 0.026 1988 0.276 0.036 0.217 0.027 0.256 0.037 0.208 0.028 1989 0.153 0.039 0.265 0.029 0.142 0.040 0.250 0.030 1990 0.341 0.039 0.249 0.030 0.330 0.040 0.236 0.031 1991 0.326 0.039 0.229 0.032 0.298 0.041 0.218 0.033 1992 0.147 0.040 0.245 0.033 0.153 0.042 0.237 0.034 1993 0.178 0.042 0.252 0.035 0.167 0.044 0.238 0.036 1994 0.230 0.043 0.243 0.036 0.235 0.045 0.224 0.038 1995 0.378 0.045 0.297 0.037 0.338 0.047 0.276 0.039 1996 0.279 0.045 0.375 0.038 0.225 0.046 0.348 0.040 1997 0.419 0.043 0.396 0.040 0.414 0.045 0.361 0.041 1998 0.569 0.047 0.391 0.040 0.526 0.050 0.356 0.042 1999 0.336 0.048 0.434 0.041 0.301 0.051 0.404 0.043 2000 0.351 0.049 0.465 0.042 0.311 0.051 0.427 0.044 2001 0.495 0.050 0.464 0.043 0.468 0.052 0.427 0.045 2002 0.575 0.048 0.489 0.043 0.530 0.051 0.459 0.045 2003 0.561 0.049 0.547 0.043 0.527 0.051 0.512 0.045 2004 0.462 0.048 0.567 0.043 0.458 0.050 0.522 0.045 2005 0.643 0.048 0.572 0.042 0.580 0.050 0.521 0.044 2006 0.595 0.045 0.552 0.041 0.514 0.048 0.500 0.043 2007 0.597 0.044 0.575 0.041 0.528 0.046 0.514 0.043 2008 0.462 0.044 0.576 0.041 0.422 0.046 0.517 0.043 2009 0.579 0.045 0.562 0.041 0.528 0.047 0.509 0.043 2010 0.645 0.046 0.555 0.041 0.596 0.048 0.504 0.043 2011 0.528 0.046 0.578 0.042 0.470 0.048 0.530 0.043 2012 0.558 0.045 0.591 0.042 0.503 0.048 0.547 0.044 2013 0.580 0.049 0.619 0.041 0.555 0.051 0.580 0.043 2014 0.647 0.047 NaN NaN 0.613 0.050 NaN NaN 2015 0.784 0.046 NaN NaN 0.759 0.048 NaN NaN