% This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST ocean temperture % field. % % Two versions of this average are reported. These differ in how they treat % locations with sea ice. In the first version, temperature anomalies in the % presence of sea ice are extrapolated from land-surface air temperature anomalies. % In the second version, temperature anomalies in the presence of sea ice are % extrapolated from sea-surface water temperature anomalies (usually collected % from open water areas on the periphery of the sea ice). For most of the % ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar to near-surface air temperatures; % however, air temperatures above sea ice can differ substantially from the water % below the sea ice. The air temperature version of this average shows larger % changes in the recent period, in part this is because water temperature changes % are limited by the freezing point of ocean water. We believe that the use of air % temperatures above sea ice provides a more natural means of describing changes in % Earth's surface temperature. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. Prior to 1900, the ice field merely % repeats a seasonal climatology and is not directly constrained by observations. % For more information on the processing and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to % the description file for the combined gridded data product. % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies % relative to the Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence % interval for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 07-May-2016 03:02:09 % The ocean analysis was published on 04-May-2016 15:02:30 % % The land component is based on 43575 time series % with 16706549 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 332569326 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (C) % Using air temperature above sea ice: 14.759 +/- 0.045 % Using water temperature below sea ice: 15.297 +/- 0.045 % % % Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc., Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.476 0.173 NaN NaN -0.445 0.166 NaN NaN 1851 -0.340 0.179 NaN NaN -0.323 0.172 NaN NaN 1852 -0.337 0.182 -0.376 0.125 -0.312 0.172 -0.353 0.117 1853 -0.383 0.175 -0.347 0.121 -0.360 0.163 -0.322 0.113 1854 -0.347 0.139 -0.368 0.112 -0.325 0.133 -0.342 0.105 1855 -0.328 0.155 -0.417 0.110 -0.292 0.146 -0.388 0.102 1856 -0.444 0.128 -0.429 0.104 -0.421 0.124 -0.400 0.098 1857 -0.583 0.160 -0.438 0.113 -0.544 0.151 -0.409 0.106 1858 -0.443 0.152 -0.460 0.115 -0.418 0.145 -0.434 0.108 1859 -0.391 0.175 -0.479 0.124 -0.371 0.166 -0.451 0.117 1860 -0.436 0.188 -0.485 0.134 -0.417 0.178 -0.455 0.128 1861 -0.540 0.182 -0.477 0.144 -0.504 0.180 -0.444 0.139 1862 -0.615 0.210 -0.485 0.149 -0.564 0.203 -0.451 0.144 1863 -0.402 0.222 -0.464 0.156 -0.364 0.218 -0.429 0.153 1864 -0.433 0.194 -0.412 0.153 -0.406 0.190 -0.379 0.153 1865 -0.332 0.206 -0.342 0.144 -0.308 0.208 -0.316 0.147 1866 -0.279 0.209 -0.313 0.132 -0.251 0.207 -0.289 0.136 1867 -0.262 0.175 -0.281 0.129 -0.250 0.181 -0.259 0.133 1868 -0.262 0.164 -0.278 0.118 -0.229 0.166 -0.258 0.120 1869 -0.269 0.171 -0.289 0.102 -0.256 0.164 -0.269 0.104 1870 -0.319 0.145 -0.299 0.088 -0.301 0.141 -0.278 0.089 1871 -0.336 0.142 -0.305 0.084 -0.309 0.139 -0.285 0.084 1872 -0.312 0.154 -0.322 0.088 -0.295 0.147 -0.305 0.087 1873 -0.287 0.136 -0.342 0.094 -0.266 0.133 -0.321 0.091 1874 -0.358 0.123 -0.360 0.092 -0.355 0.123 -0.339 0.089 1875 -0.415 0.121 -0.306 0.084 -0.381 0.120 -0.286 0.083 1876 -0.425 0.125 -0.238 0.079 -0.398 0.124 -0.222 0.079 1877 -0.043 0.109 -0.221 0.078 -0.030 0.112 -0.201 0.077 1878 0.053 0.115 -0.204 0.074 0.053 0.114 -0.184 0.074 1879 -0.275 0.103 -0.167 0.073 -0.247 0.102 -0.149 0.072 1880 -0.328 0.093 -0.217 0.074 -0.298 0.095 -0.194 0.072 1881 -0.243 0.114 -0.301 0.073 -0.222 0.110 -0.273 0.071 1882 -0.294 0.112 -0.351 0.074 -0.254 0.108 -0.318 0.070 1883 -0.368 0.093 -0.385 0.077 -0.343 0.091 -0.349 0.072 1884 -0.524 0.094 -0.439 0.077 -0.472 0.090 -0.399 0.072 1885 -0.496 0.093 -0.490 0.077 -0.452 0.088 -0.447 0.071 1886 -0.515 0.102 -0.486 0.077 -0.474 0.096 -0.441 0.071 1887 -0.544 0.110 -0.425 0.078 -0.492 0.102 -0.385 0.072 1888 -0.349 0.089 -0.426 0.082 -0.314 0.086 -0.388 0.075 1889 -0.219 0.103 -0.404 0.081 -0.194 0.099 -0.367 0.076 1890 -0.504 0.108 -0.386 0.077 -0.467 0.104 -0.354 0.073 1891 -0.404 0.105 -0.399 0.075 -0.365 0.104 -0.370 0.073 1892 -0.452 0.095 -0.440 0.071 -0.427 0.095 -0.411 0.070 1893 -0.418 0.089 -0.411 0.068 -0.398 0.090 -0.385 0.068 1894 -0.420 0.091 -0.380 0.066 -0.395 0.092 -0.355 0.066 1895 -0.363 0.091 -0.340 0.067 -0.338 0.093 -0.316 0.067 1896 -0.249 0.098 -0.347 0.067 -0.216 0.098 -0.321 0.067 1897 -0.252 0.101 -0.318 0.067 -0.233 0.100 -0.293 0.066 1898 -0.450 0.087 -0.280 0.066 -0.421 0.088 -0.258 0.065 1899 -0.277 0.085 -0.280 0.066 -0.256 0.086 -0.262 0.064 1900 -0.172 0.092 -0.305 0.064 -0.163 0.093 -0.285 0.063 1901 -0.247 0.095 -0.314 0.063 -0.236 0.094 -0.296 0.061 1902 -0.377 0.091 -0.362 0.062 -0.350 0.089 -0.345 0.061 1903 -0.494 0.078 -0.403 0.060 -0.475 0.079 -0.383 0.059 1904 -0.519 0.080 -0.412 0.057 -0.500 0.081 -0.391 0.056 1905 -0.376 0.077 -0.428 0.055 -0.356 0.078 -0.407 0.054 1906 -0.292 0.077 -0.424 0.054 -0.275 0.077 -0.405 0.053 1907 -0.458 0.076 -0.428 0.051 -0.429 0.076 -0.408 0.051 1908 -0.475 0.073 -0.455 0.051 -0.467 0.073 -0.434 0.050 1909 -0.538 0.065 -0.503 0.050 -0.515 0.066 -0.485 0.049 1910 -0.513 0.070 -0.503 0.047 -0.486 0.069 -0.485 0.047 1911 -0.533 0.068 -0.492 0.045 -0.529 0.068 -0.471 0.045 1912 -0.454 0.059 -0.434 0.046 -0.429 0.061 -0.414 0.046 1913 -0.421 0.063 -0.368 0.048 -0.398 0.063 -0.350 0.049 1914 -0.248 0.072 -0.347 0.049 -0.231 0.073 -0.325 0.050 1915 -0.183 0.083 -0.362 0.053 -0.163 0.084 -0.338 0.053 1916 -0.427 0.076 -0.354 0.056 -0.404 0.079 -0.328 0.057 1917 -0.533 0.082 -0.366 0.059 -0.496 0.084 -0.341 0.060 1918 -0.381 0.085 -0.386 0.057 -0.345 0.088 -0.364 0.059 1919 -0.303 0.086 -0.341 0.056 -0.298 0.088 -0.323 0.058 1920 -0.283 0.075 -0.294 0.054 -0.276 0.077 -0.282 0.055 1921 -0.206 0.070 -0.273 0.052 -0.201 0.072 -0.269 0.053 1922 -0.296 0.067 -0.266 0.049 -0.291 0.067 -0.262 0.050 1923 -0.277 0.067 -0.255 0.049 -0.276 0.067 -0.250 0.050 1924 -0.268 0.067 -0.229 0.048 -0.266 0.067 -0.222 0.049 1925 -0.226 0.069 -0.208 0.048 -0.216 0.070 -0.200 0.048 1926 -0.078 0.064 -0.187 0.047 -0.063 0.065 -0.180 0.048 1927 -0.189 0.061 -0.204 0.046 -0.182 0.062 -0.194 0.047 1928 -0.172 0.062 -0.184 0.045 -0.172 0.063 -0.178 0.046 1929 -0.354 0.062 -0.183 0.044 -0.338 0.063 -0.181 0.045 1930 -0.125 0.062 -0.169 0.044 -0.133 0.063 -0.168 0.045 1931 -0.075 0.062 -0.194 0.043 -0.079 0.063 -0.192 0.044 1932 -0.118 0.061 -0.155 0.042 -0.120 0.062 -0.156 0.043 1933 -0.300 0.060 -0.169 0.042 -0.290 0.061 -0.165 0.043 1934 -0.159 0.058 -0.183 0.041 -0.156 0.059 -0.177 0.042 1935 -0.196 0.059 -0.155 0.041 -0.181 0.060 -0.152 0.042 1936 -0.143 0.056 -0.090 0.040 -0.135 0.057 -0.096 0.041 1937 0.024 0.058 -0.060 0.041 0.001 0.058 -0.064 0.042 1938 0.022 0.057 -0.002 0.042 -0.007 0.058 -0.014 0.042 1939 -0.007 0.062 0.041 0.043 0.001 0.063 0.030 0.044 1940 0.095 0.071 0.041 0.047 0.071 0.073 0.034 0.049 1941 0.070 0.073 0.051 0.053 0.082 0.076 0.044 0.056 1942 0.027 0.088 0.085 0.060 0.024 0.092 0.073 0.062 1943 0.068 0.089 0.072 0.063 0.041 0.093 0.064 0.066 1944 0.162 0.088 0.049 0.060 0.145 0.092 0.039 0.063 1945 0.030 0.086 0.055 0.055 0.027 0.090 0.036 0.057 1946 -0.040 0.084 0.030 0.054 -0.040 0.088 0.020 0.056 1947 0.053 0.082 -0.018 0.055 0.008 0.086 -0.025 0.058 1948 -0.052 0.084 -0.056 0.059 -0.041 0.088 -0.063 0.062 1949 -0.082 0.068 -0.046 0.056 -0.079 0.070 -0.053 0.059 1950 -0.160 0.064 -0.040 0.052 -0.163 0.067 -0.042 0.055 1951 0.014 0.060 -0.001 0.048 0.010 0.063 -0.010 0.051 1952 0.080 0.062 0.004 0.047 0.063 0.064 -0.008 0.049 1953 0.142 0.062 0.015 0.045 0.121 0.064 -0.000 0.047 1954 -0.053 0.058 -0.024 0.043 -0.070 0.060 -0.041 0.045 1955 -0.109 0.057 -0.026 0.042 -0.126 0.059 -0.039 0.043 1956 -0.178 0.051 -0.040 0.040 -0.194 0.053 -0.047 0.041 1957 0.070 0.061 -0.021 0.039 0.073 0.060 -0.025 0.040 1958 0.070 0.048 0.000 0.036 0.082 0.050 -0.002 0.038 1959 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.034 0.040 0.050 0.053 0.036 1960 -0.002 0.044 0.044 0.032 -0.009 0.046 0.043 0.034 1961 0.077 0.042 0.044 0.032 0.080 0.044 0.042 0.034 1962 0.033 0.046 -0.003 0.031 0.025 0.047 -0.002 0.033 1963 0.072 0.045 -0.023 0.032 0.076 0.047 -0.021 0.033 1964 -0.197 0.042 -0.045 0.032 -0.183 0.044 -0.044 0.033 1965 -0.101 0.042 -0.051 0.031 -0.104 0.044 -0.050 0.033 1966 -0.034 0.041 -0.076 0.029 -0.035 0.043 -0.073 0.031 1967 0.006 0.038 -0.019 0.028 -0.006 0.040 -0.019 0.030 1968 -0.053 0.036 0.005 0.026 -0.037 0.038 0.009 0.028 1969 0.088 0.035 -0.009 0.025 0.090 0.037 -0.004 0.027 1970 0.016 0.035 -0.011 0.025 0.034 0.036 -0.003 0.026 1971 -0.102 0.035 0.018 0.024 -0.098 0.037 0.026 0.025 1972 -0.007 0.035 -0.024 0.023 -0.003 0.036 -0.018 0.024 1973 0.096 0.032 -0.041 0.022 0.106 0.034 -0.037 0.023 1974 -0.125 0.032 -0.057 0.022 -0.131 0.034 -0.051 0.023 1975 -0.070 0.033 -0.032 0.022 -0.061 0.035 -0.029 0.023 1976 -0.178 0.035 -0.052 0.022 -0.168 0.037 -0.049 0.023 1977 0.116 0.033 -0.010 0.021 0.110 0.035 0.000 0.021 1978 -0.005 0.033 0.045 0.021 0.003 0.035 0.051 0.021 1979 0.084 0.030 0.131 0.021 0.116 0.031 0.129 0.021 1980 0.207 0.037 0.115 0.022 0.195 0.036 0.116 0.023 1981 0.254 0.032 0.160 0.022 0.220 0.033 0.160 0.023 1982 0.033 0.035 0.155 0.022 0.046 0.037 0.147 0.023 1983 0.224 0.036 0.123 0.022 0.225 0.037 0.117 0.024 1984 0.059 0.034 0.090 0.023 0.048 0.036 0.090 0.024 1985 0.043 0.033 0.130 0.023 0.045 0.034 0.127 0.025 1986 0.093 0.034 0.141 0.024 0.088 0.036 0.134 0.025 1987 0.231 0.034 0.161 0.025 0.229 0.036 0.154 0.026 1988 0.280 0.035 0.221 0.026 0.260 0.037 0.211 0.028 1989 0.157 0.038 0.269 0.028 0.145 0.040 0.254 0.029 1990 0.346 0.038 0.253 0.029 0.334 0.040 0.240 0.031 1991 0.331 0.040 0.234 0.031 0.303 0.042 0.222 0.033 1992 0.151 0.040 0.250 0.033 0.158 0.042 0.241 0.034 1993 0.184 0.042 0.257 0.034 0.172 0.044 0.243 0.036 1994 0.236 0.042 0.248 0.035 0.240 0.045 0.229 0.037 1995 0.384 0.044 0.303 0.036 0.343 0.047 0.281 0.038 1996 0.285 0.043 0.381 0.037 0.230 0.045 0.353 0.039 1997 0.426 0.041 0.403 0.038 0.419 0.044 0.366 0.040 1998 0.576 0.046 0.398 0.039 0.532 0.049 0.361 0.041 1999 0.343 0.047 0.441 0.040 0.306 0.050 0.409 0.042 2000 0.357 0.047 0.472 0.041 0.316 0.049 0.432 0.043 2001 0.500 0.047 0.470 0.041 0.472 0.050 0.433 0.044 2002 0.582 0.048 0.495 0.042 0.535 0.050 0.464 0.044 2003 0.568 0.047 0.554 0.042 0.533 0.050 0.518 0.044 2004 0.469 0.047 0.574 0.041 0.463 0.049 0.527 0.044 2005 0.650 0.047 0.579 0.041 0.586 0.049 0.527 0.043 2006 0.601 0.045 0.559 0.041 0.519 0.047 0.506 0.043 2007 0.605 0.045 0.583 0.041 0.534 0.047 0.520 0.043 2008 0.469 0.045 0.583 0.041 0.427 0.047 0.523 0.043 2009 0.586 0.044 0.571 0.040 0.533 0.046 0.515 0.042 2010 0.654 0.045 0.563 0.040 0.603 0.047 0.510 0.042 2011 0.538 0.044 0.587 0.040 0.478 0.047 0.537 0.042 2012 0.567 0.045 0.601 0.041 0.510 0.048 0.554 0.043 2013 0.589 0.047 0.629 0.041 0.562 0.049 0.586 0.043 2014 0.655 0.047 NaN NaN 0.619 0.050 NaN NaN 2015 0.794 0.046 NaN NaN 0.763 0.048 NaN NaN