% This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST ocean temperture % field. % % Two versions of this average are reported. These differ in how they treat % locations with sea ice. In the first version, temperature anomalies in the % presence of sea ice are extrapolated from land-surface air temperature anomalies. % In the second version, temperature anomalies in the presence of sea ice are % extrapolated from sea-surface water temperature anomalies (usually collected % from open water areas on the periphery of the sea ice). For most of the % ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar to near-surface air temperatures; % however, air temperatures above sea ice can differ substantially from the water % below the sea ice. The air temperature version of this average shows larger % changes in the recent period, in part this is because water temperature changes % are limited by the freezing point of ocean water. We believe that the use of air % temperatures above sea ice provides a more natural means of describing changes in % Earth's surface temperature. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. Prior to 1900, the ice field merely % repeats a seasonal climatology and is not directly constrained by observations. % For more information on the processing and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to % the description file for the combined gridded data product. % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies % relative to the Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence % interval for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 08-Jun-2016 03:02:13 % The ocean analysis was published on 15-Jun-2016 10:02:28 % % The land component is based on 43333 time series % with 16618970 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 333869998 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (C) % Using air temperature above sea ice: 14.761 +/- 0.046 % Using water temperature below sea ice: 15.298 +/- 0.046 % % % Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc., Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.485 0.189 NaN NaN -0.453 0.179 NaN NaN 1851 -0.332 0.219 NaN NaN -0.316 0.204 NaN NaN 1852 -0.329 0.215 -0.372 0.147 -0.304 0.199 -0.349 0.134 1853 -0.375 0.169 -0.339 0.127 -0.353 0.158 -0.316 0.118 1854 -0.340 0.148 -0.363 0.108 -0.319 0.140 -0.337 0.101 1855 -0.321 0.137 -0.415 0.095 -0.286 0.131 -0.386 0.091 1856 -0.449 0.131 -0.430 0.096 -0.425 0.126 -0.400 0.092 1857 -0.591 0.136 -0.442 0.098 -0.549 0.131 -0.412 0.094 1858 -0.450 0.158 -0.466 0.095 -0.423 0.150 -0.440 0.092 1859 -0.398 0.158 -0.486 0.103 -0.377 0.153 -0.456 0.101 1860 -0.445 0.156 -0.491 0.111 -0.424 0.153 -0.460 0.109 1861 -0.546 0.166 -0.483 0.125 -0.509 0.168 -0.449 0.123 1862 -0.619 0.190 -0.490 0.126 -0.567 0.187 -0.455 0.127 1863 -0.406 0.225 -0.468 0.145 -0.367 0.220 -0.432 0.144 1864 -0.436 0.181 -0.415 0.149 -0.409 0.180 -0.381 0.149 1865 -0.334 0.201 -0.343 0.154 -0.309 0.204 -0.317 0.154 1866 -0.280 0.191 -0.312 0.142 -0.252 0.194 -0.287 0.144 1867 -0.260 0.200 -0.275 0.138 -0.248 0.199 -0.254 0.139 1868 -0.249 0.166 -0.273 0.126 -0.218 0.167 -0.253 0.126 1869 -0.254 0.147 -0.283 0.119 -0.243 0.146 -0.263 0.116 1870 -0.321 0.142 -0.292 0.107 -0.303 0.139 -0.272 0.104 1871 -0.332 0.149 -0.299 0.103 -0.305 0.145 -0.280 0.098 1872 -0.306 0.137 -0.317 0.099 -0.289 0.134 -0.300 0.095 1873 -0.281 0.133 -0.337 0.097 -0.261 0.131 -0.317 0.093 1874 -0.347 0.131 -0.356 0.091 -0.345 0.129 -0.336 0.088 1875 -0.418 0.126 -0.305 0.092 -0.383 0.124 -0.284 0.089 1876 -0.430 0.116 -0.238 0.093 -0.402 0.116 -0.222 0.089 1877 -0.047 0.126 -0.223 0.089 -0.032 0.125 -0.202 0.085 1878 0.052 0.133 -0.206 0.083 0.052 0.128 -0.185 0.081 1879 -0.274 0.104 -0.167 0.078 -0.245 0.103 -0.148 0.076 1880 -0.329 0.097 -0.216 0.073 -0.299 0.098 -0.192 0.071 1881 -0.239 0.094 -0.300 0.065 -0.218 0.094 -0.271 0.064 1882 -0.291 0.091 -0.350 0.061 -0.251 0.092 -0.316 0.060 1883 -0.365 0.087 -0.383 0.059 -0.341 0.086 -0.346 0.058 1884 -0.524 0.082 -0.437 0.059 -0.471 0.081 -0.397 0.057 1885 -0.495 0.092 -0.487 0.060 -0.450 0.088 -0.443 0.058 1886 -0.510 0.087 -0.482 0.063 -0.469 0.084 -0.437 0.059 1887 -0.539 0.083 -0.420 0.067 -0.486 0.082 -0.381 0.063 1888 -0.345 0.085 -0.421 0.067 -0.310 0.083 -0.383 0.063 1889 -0.214 0.102 -0.398 0.069 -0.189 0.098 -0.361 0.066 1890 -0.496 0.095 -0.379 0.072 -0.460 0.094 -0.348 0.070 1891 -0.399 0.101 -0.393 0.073 -0.360 0.101 -0.364 0.071 1892 -0.444 0.096 -0.432 0.070 -0.420 0.096 -0.403 0.069 1893 -0.411 0.091 -0.403 0.069 -0.391 0.092 -0.377 0.069 1894 -0.410 0.091 -0.371 0.066 -0.386 0.092 -0.346 0.067 1895 -0.350 0.093 -0.330 0.066 -0.327 0.094 -0.306 0.066 1896 -0.236 0.092 -0.334 0.070 -0.205 0.093 -0.309 0.069 1897 -0.239 0.095 -0.305 0.070 -0.221 0.096 -0.281 0.069 1898 -0.435 0.105 -0.268 0.069 -0.407 0.102 -0.246 0.067 1899 -0.266 0.095 -0.267 0.069 -0.246 0.093 -0.250 0.067 1900 -0.161 0.092 -0.293 0.067 -0.152 0.093 -0.274 0.065 1901 -0.235 0.090 -0.302 0.062 -0.224 0.090 -0.285 0.061 1902 -0.366 0.083 -0.351 0.060 -0.339 0.083 -0.334 0.060 1903 -0.483 0.080 -0.391 0.058 -0.464 0.081 -0.373 0.057 1904 -0.508 0.080 -0.401 0.057 -0.490 0.081 -0.381 0.056 1905 -0.366 0.075 -0.418 0.056 -0.346 0.076 -0.397 0.055 1906 -0.282 0.078 -0.414 0.054 -0.264 0.079 -0.396 0.054 1907 -0.449 0.076 -0.419 0.053 -0.420 0.077 -0.400 0.052 1908 -0.467 0.069 -0.447 0.052 -0.460 0.070 -0.426 0.051 1909 -0.530 0.068 -0.496 0.050 -0.507 0.068 -0.478 0.050 1910 -0.506 0.067 -0.496 0.048 -0.479 0.067 -0.479 0.048 1911 -0.528 0.068 -0.486 0.047 -0.524 0.068 -0.465 0.047 1912 -0.450 0.065 -0.428 0.047 -0.424 0.065 -0.409 0.047 1913 -0.415 0.063 -0.362 0.048 -0.392 0.063 -0.344 0.048 1914 -0.241 0.072 -0.340 0.050 -0.225 0.072 -0.318 0.051 1915 -0.176 0.078 -0.355 0.053 -0.155 0.080 -0.331 0.054 1916 -0.418 0.079 -0.347 0.057 -0.395 0.081 -0.320 0.058 1917 -0.524 0.084 -0.358 0.060 -0.488 0.086 -0.334 0.061 1918 -0.375 0.087 -0.378 0.060 -0.339 0.090 -0.357 0.061 1919 -0.296 0.084 -0.335 0.059 -0.292 0.086 -0.317 0.060 1920 -0.277 0.079 -0.288 0.055 -0.271 0.080 -0.277 0.056 1921 -0.200 0.071 -0.267 0.051 -0.196 0.072 -0.263 0.052 1922 -0.291 0.066 -0.260 0.048 -0.286 0.066 -0.257 0.049 1923 -0.271 0.062 -0.249 0.047 -0.271 0.063 -0.245 0.048 1924 -0.263 0.064 -0.223 0.047 -0.261 0.065 -0.217 0.047 1925 -0.219 0.067 -0.201 0.046 -0.209 0.069 -0.195 0.047 1926 -0.070 0.064 -0.180 0.046 -0.056 0.065 -0.174 0.047 1927 -0.182 0.061 -0.197 0.045 -0.175 0.062 -0.188 0.046 1928 -0.166 0.061 -0.177 0.043 -0.166 0.063 -0.172 0.045 1929 -0.348 0.061 -0.177 0.043 -0.332 0.062 -0.175 0.045 1930 -0.121 0.061 -0.163 0.042 -0.129 0.062 -0.163 0.044 1931 -0.069 0.063 -0.189 0.042 -0.073 0.064 -0.187 0.044 1932 -0.112 0.062 -0.151 0.042 -0.114 0.062 -0.151 0.043 1933 -0.296 0.060 -0.166 0.042 -0.286 0.062 -0.162 0.043 1934 -0.156 0.059 -0.181 0.041 -0.154 0.060 -0.174 0.042 1935 -0.195 0.060 -0.154 0.041 -0.181 0.061 -0.151 0.042 1936 -0.144 0.057 -0.090 0.041 -0.135 0.057 -0.095 0.042 1937 0.023 0.059 -0.060 0.042 0.000 0.059 -0.064 0.042 1938 0.021 0.058 -0.002 0.042 -0.007 0.058 -0.014 0.043 1939 -0.007 0.062 0.041 0.044 0.002 0.064 0.030 0.045 1940 0.096 0.071 0.042 0.048 0.072 0.073 0.035 0.050 1941 0.071 0.073 0.051 0.054 0.084 0.076 0.045 0.056 1942 0.028 0.088 0.085 0.059 0.025 0.092 0.074 0.062 1943 0.068 0.089 0.072 0.063 0.042 0.093 0.065 0.066 1944 0.163 0.088 0.050 0.060 0.146 0.092 0.041 0.063 1945 0.031 0.086 0.056 0.055 0.029 0.090 0.037 0.057 1946 -0.038 0.084 0.032 0.054 -0.038 0.088 0.021 0.057 1947 0.054 0.083 -0.017 0.055 0.009 0.087 -0.024 0.058 1948 -0.051 0.085 -0.055 0.059 -0.040 0.089 -0.062 0.062 1949 -0.081 0.067 -0.045 0.056 -0.078 0.069 -0.052 0.059 1950 -0.159 0.064 -0.040 0.052 -0.162 0.067 -0.041 0.055 1951 0.014 0.061 -0.001 0.048 0.011 0.064 -0.009 0.051 1952 0.080 0.062 0.005 0.047 0.064 0.064 -0.007 0.049 1953 0.142 0.062 0.014 0.045 0.122 0.064 -0.000 0.047 1954 -0.054 0.058 -0.024 0.043 -0.070 0.060 -0.041 0.045 1955 -0.111 0.056 -0.027 0.042 -0.127 0.058 -0.040 0.043 1956 -0.179 0.052 -0.041 0.040 -0.195 0.054 -0.048 0.041 1957 0.068 0.059 -0.022 0.039 0.072 0.059 -0.026 0.040 1958 0.069 0.048 -0.000 0.036 0.081 0.051 -0.002 0.038 1959 0.042 0.046 0.051 0.034 0.039 0.049 0.053 0.036 1960 -0.001 0.045 0.044 0.034 -0.009 0.047 0.043 0.035 1961 0.077 0.042 0.044 0.033 0.080 0.045 0.042 0.035 1962 0.033 0.049 -0.003 0.032 0.025 0.050 -0.002 0.034 1963 0.072 0.046 -0.023 0.032 0.076 0.048 -0.021 0.034 1964 -0.197 0.041 -0.046 0.032 -0.183 0.043 -0.044 0.034 1965 -0.101 0.043 -0.051 0.031 -0.104 0.045 -0.051 0.033 1966 -0.034 0.042 -0.076 0.029 -0.035 0.044 -0.073 0.031 1967 0.006 0.039 -0.019 0.028 -0.006 0.041 -0.018 0.030 1968 -0.053 0.037 0.005 0.027 -0.037 0.039 0.009 0.028 1969 0.089 0.035 -0.009 0.025 0.091 0.037 -0.003 0.027 1970 0.016 0.036 -0.012 0.025 0.034 0.037 -0.003 0.026 1971 -0.102 0.035 0.018 0.024 -0.098 0.037 0.025 0.025 1972 -0.009 0.034 -0.024 0.023 -0.005 0.036 -0.019 0.025 1973 0.096 0.032 -0.041 0.023 0.107 0.034 -0.037 0.024 1974 -0.123 0.036 -0.056 0.023 -0.129 0.036 -0.051 0.024 1975 -0.068 0.034 -0.031 0.024 -0.060 0.035 -0.028 0.024 1976 -0.176 0.037 -0.051 0.024 -0.167 0.038 -0.048 0.024 1977 0.118 0.034 -0.009 0.023 0.111 0.035 0.001 0.023 1978 -0.004 0.035 0.046 0.022 0.003 0.036 0.052 0.022 1979 0.086 0.036 0.132 0.022 0.117 0.036 0.129 0.022 1980 0.207 0.031 0.115 0.023 0.195 0.032 0.116 0.023 1981 0.252 0.034 0.160 0.022 0.219 0.035 0.160 0.023 1982 0.032 0.035 0.155 0.022 0.045 0.037 0.146 0.023 1983 0.223 0.036 0.121 0.023 0.224 0.037 0.116 0.024 1984 0.058 0.034 0.089 0.023 0.048 0.036 0.090 0.024 1985 0.042 0.033 0.129 0.023 0.044 0.034 0.126 0.025 1986 0.091 0.036 0.139 0.025 0.088 0.037 0.133 0.026 1987 0.229 0.034 0.159 0.026 0.228 0.036 0.152 0.027 1988 0.277 0.036 0.219 0.027 0.258 0.038 0.210 0.028 1989 0.155 0.038 0.267 0.029 0.144 0.039 0.253 0.030 1990 0.344 0.038 0.251 0.030 0.332 0.040 0.238 0.032 1991 0.328 0.040 0.231 0.031 0.301 0.042 0.220 0.033 1992 0.149 0.041 0.247 0.033 0.156 0.043 0.239 0.035 1993 0.181 0.041 0.255 0.035 0.170 0.044 0.241 0.036 1994 0.233 0.043 0.246 0.036 0.239 0.045 0.227 0.038 1995 0.382 0.045 0.300 0.036 0.342 0.047 0.279 0.038 1996 0.283 0.043 0.379 0.037 0.229 0.045 0.352 0.039 1997 0.423 0.041 0.400 0.038 0.418 0.044 0.365 0.040 1998 0.573 0.046 0.395 0.039 0.530 0.049 0.359 0.041 1999 0.340 0.046 0.438 0.040 0.305 0.049 0.408 0.042 2000 0.354 0.048 0.469 0.041 0.315 0.050 0.431 0.043 2001 0.499 0.048 0.468 0.042 0.472 0.050 0.432 0.044 2002 0.581 0.049 0.494 0.042 0.535 0.051 0.463 0.044 2003 0.566 0.049 0.553 0.043 0.532 0.051 0.518 0.045 2004 0.467 0.047 0.573 0.043 0.463 0.049 0.527 0.045 2005 0.649 0.048 0.577 0.042 0.586 0.050 0.527 0.044 2006 0.600 0.046 0.558 0.042 0.519 0.048 0.506 0.044 2007 0.603 0.046 0.581 0.041 0.534 0.047 0.519 0.043 2008 0.468 0.044 0.581 0.041 0.426 0.046 0.522 0.043 2009 0.584 0.045 0.568 0.041 0.531 0.047 0.513 0.043 2010 0.651 0.045 0.560 0.041 0.600 0.047 0.508 0.043 2011 0.534 0.045 0.583 0.041 0.474 0.047 0.534 0.043 2012 0.563 0.046 0.597 0.041 0.506 0.048 0.552 0.043 2013 0.586 0.047 0.625 0.041 0.560 0.050 0.584 0.043 2014 0.653 0.048 NaN NaN 0.618 0.050 NaN NaN 2015 0.790 0.045 NaN NaN 0.760 0.047 NaN NaN