% This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST ocean temperture % field. % % Two versions of this average are reported. These differ in how they treat % locations with sea ice. In the first version, temperature anomalies in the % presence of sea ice are extrapolated from land-surface air temperature anomalies. % In the second version, temperature anomalies in the presence of sea ice are % extrapolated from sea-surface water temperature anomalies (usually collected % from open water areas on the periphery of the sea ice). For most of the % ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar to near-surface air temperatures; % however, air temperatures above sea ice can differ substantially from the water % below the sea ice. The air temperature version of this average shows larger % changes in the recent period, in part this is because water temperature changes % are limited by the freezing point of ocean water. We believe that the use of air % temperatures above sea ice provides a more natural means of describing changes in % Earth's surface temperature. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. Prior to 1900, the ice field merely % repeats a seasonal climatology and is not directly constrained by observations. % For more information on the processing and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to % the description file for the combined gridded data product. % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies % relative to the Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence % interval for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 09-Jul-2016 03:02:10 % The ocean analysis was published on 07-Jul-2016 11:57:28 % % The land component is based on 43350 time series % with 16631502 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 335179503 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (C) % Using air temperature above sea ice: 14.761 +/- 0.046 % Using water temperature below sea ice: 15.300 +/- 0.046 % % % Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc., Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.463 0.131 NaN NaN -0.433 0.125 NaN NaN 1851 -0.354 0.171 NaN NaN -0.338 0.157 NaN NaN 1852 -0.335 0.131 -0.373 0.093 -0.310 0.125 -0.350 0.089 1853 -0.377 0.157 -0.344 0.096 -0.354 0.144 -0.320 0.091 1854 -0.336 0.131 -0.361 0.082 -0.315 0.123 -0.336 0.079 1855 -0.317 0.117 -0.408 0.079 -0.282 0.112 -0.379 0.077 1856 -0.440 0.104 -0.418 0.072 -0.416 0.101 -0.388 0.071 1857 -0.568 0.123 -0.427 0.072 -0.526 0.117 -0.398 0.071 1858 -0.430 0.111 -0.451 0.076 -0.403 0.108 -0.424 0.075 1859 -0.382 0.121 -0.472 0.084 -0.361 0.116 -0.444 0.083 1860 -0.433 0.149 -0.481 0.097 -0.414 0.140 -0.450 0.095 1861 -0.550 0.135 -0.477 0.112 -0.514 0.132 -0.444 0.109 1862 -0.610 0.167 -0.485 0.115 -0.557 0.159 -0.450 0.114 1863 -0.410 0.175 -0.464 0.122 -0.373 0.171 -0.428 0.122 1864 -0.420 0.128 -0.409 0.123 -0.392 0.126 -0.374 0.125 1865 -0.330 0.170 -0.337 0.127 -0.305 0.168 -0.311 0.129 1866 -0.272 0.154 -0.305 0.121 -0.243 0.153 -0.280 0.124 1867 -0.253 0.163 -0.274 0.118 -0.242 0.160 -0.252 0.120 1868 -0.250 0.138 -0.273 0.100 -0.217 0.137 -0.253 0.101 1869 -0.266 0.132 -0.286 0.089 -0.254 0.125 -0.266 0.089 1870 -0.322 0.117 -0.297 0.077 -0.306 0.112 -0.276 0.077 1871 -0.338 0.114 -0.303 0.075 -0.312 0.110 -0.284 0.073 1872 -0.309 0.111 -0.320 0.075 -0.291 0.107 -0.303 0.073 1873 -0.282 0.118 -0.338 0.078 -0.259 0.113 -0.317 0.076 1874 -0.351 0.125 -0.354 0.079 -0.347 0.119 -0.332 0.077 1875 -0.411 0.115 -0.297 0.087 -0.378 0.110 -0.277 0.083 1876 -0.416 0.109 -0.229 0.088 -0.388 0.106 -0.214 0.083 1877 -0.027 0.107 -0.213 0.085 -0.015 0.105 -0.194 0.081 1878 0.063 0.116 -0.195 0.080 0.059 0.111 -0.177 0.077 1879 -0.274 0.105 -0.160 0.073 -0.247 0.101 -0.143 0.071 1880 -0.322 0.092 -0.214 0.070 -0.293 0.092 -0.192 0.067 1881 -0.241 0.087 -0.299 0.064 -0.221 0.087 -0.272 0.062 1882 -0.295 0.089 -0.349 0.060 -0.256 0.088 -0.316 0.059 1883 -0.365 0.086 -0.385 0.059 -0.341 0.084 -0.349 0.057 1884 -0.523 0.081 -0.441 0.061 -0.469 0.080 -0.400 0.059 1885 -0.501 0.093 -0.491 0.063 -0.456 0.088 -0.447 0.060 1886 -0.521 0.084 -0.489 0.062 -0.480 0.081 -0.443 0.059 1887 -0.545 0.092 -0.430 0.065 -0.489 0.088 -0.390 0.061 1888 -0.356 0.079 -0.430 0.065 -0.322 0.079 -0.392 0.062 1889 -0.227 0.096 -0.406 0.066 -0.204 0.093 -0.368 0.064 1890 -0.500 0.099 -0.385 0.064 -0.463 0.097 -0.353 0.063 1891 -0.402 0.093 -0.398 0.065 -0.363 0.094 -0.369 0.064 1892 -0.440 0.088 -0.435 0.062 -0.414 0.089 -0.405 0.062 1893 -0.420 0.087 -0.406 0.060 -0.398 0.087 -0.379 0.061 1894 -0.411 0.082 -0.375 0.059 -0.385 0.084 -0.349 0.060 1895 -0.356 0.084 -0.337 0.058 -0.332 0.087 -0.313 0.059 1896 -0.247 0.083 -0.342 0.058 -0.217 0.085 -0.316 0.059 1897 -0.250 0.084 -0.315 0.058 -0.233 0.085 -0.290 0.058 1898 -0.446 0.084 -0.277 0.058 -0.416 0.084 -0.256 0.058 1899 -0.273 0.082 -0.275 0.060 -0.253 0.082 -0.258 0.059 1900 -0.169 0.082 -0.299 0.058 -0.161 0.083 -0.280 0.057 1901 -0.238 0.085 -0.307 0.056 -0.228 0.085 -0.289 0.056 1902 -0.370 0.079 -0.355 0.055 -0.342 0.080 -0.338 0.055 1903 -0.483 0.078 -0.395 0.054 -0.462 0.079 -0.375 0.054 1904 -0.516 0.078 -0.405 0.052 -0.495 0.080 -0.383 0.053 1905 -0.370 0.081 -0.422 0.052 -0.349 0.081 -0.400 0.052 1906 -0.287 0.076 -0.420 0.051 -0.269 0.078 -0.400 0.052 1907 -0.456 0.074 -0.424 0.050 -0.424 0.076 -0.402 0.051 1908 -0.473 0.075 -0.453 0.048 -0.463 0.077 -0.429 0.049 1909 -0.535 0.071 -0.502 0.047 -0.507 0.073 -0.480 0.048 1910 -0.514 0.072 -0.501 0.046 -0.483 0.074 -0.480 0.047 1911 -0.531 0.070 -0.489 0.045 -0.524 0.072 -0.465 0.046 1912 -0.452 0.069 -0.430 0.044 -0.424 0.071 -0.408 0.046 1913 -0.414 0.068 -0.362 0.046 -0.389 0.069 -0.343 0.047 1914 -0.240 0.073 -0.339 0.047 -0.223 0.074 -0.316 0.049 1915 -0.174 0.079 -0.354 0.050 -0.153 0.082 -0.329 0.052 1916 -0.417 0.080 -0.347 0.053 -0.390 0.084 -0.319 0.055 1917 -0.527 0.082 -0.358 0.055 -0.488 0.085 -0.333 0.057 1918 -0.375 0.080 -0.379 0.055 -0.340 0.082 -0.356 0.057 1919 -0.296 0.082 -0.336 0.055 -0.291 0.085 -0.318 0.056 1920 -0.278 0.078 -0.289 0.052 -0.272 0.081 -0.278 0.053 1921 -0.204 0.073 -0.268 0.050 -0.200 0.075 -0.264 0.051 1922 -0.291 0.070 -0.262 0.047 -0.286 0.072 -0.259 0.049 1923 -0.273 0.070 -0.251 0.047 -0.273 0.071 -0.247 0.049 1924 -0.264 0.068 -0.225 0.048 -0.263 0.070 -0.220 0.049 1925 -0.221 0.069 -0.204 0.048 -0.215 0.071 -0.198 0.049 1926 -0.074 0.069 -0.183 0.047 -0.061 0.070 -0.177 0.048 1927 -0.187 0.065 -0.201 0.047 -0.180 0.066 -0.191 0.048 1928 -0.168 0.065 -0.183 0.046 -0.167 0.066 -0.175 0.047 1929 -0.356 0.065 -0.183 0.046 -0.334 0.066 -0.180 0.047 1930 -0.128 0.066 -0.169 0.045 -0.135 0.067 -0.167 0.046 1931 -0.077 0.068 -0.195 0.045 -0.082 0.069 -0.191 0.046 1932 -0.115 0.063 -0.156 0.044 -0.116 0.064 -0.156 0.045 1933 -0.300 0.065 -0.171 0.044 -0.289 0.066 -0.166 0.045 1934 -0.161 0.062 -0.185 0.042 -0.157 0.064 -0.177 0.043 1935 -0.201 0.063 -0.158 0.042 -0.187 0.065 -0.155 0.043 1936 -0.147 0.062 -0.094 0.041 -0.138 0.063 -0.099 0.042 1937 0.020 0.062 -0.064 0.042 -0.003 0.063 -0.067 0.043 1938 0.019 0.064 -0.006 0.042 -0.009 0.066 -0.017 0.043 1939 -0.009 0.071 0.038 0.044 -0.000 0.073 0.027 0.045 1940 0.089 0.073 0.039 0.048 0.065 0.075 0.033 0.049 1941 0.068 0.075 0.049 0.053 0.080 0.078 0.043 0.056 1942 0.029 0.084 0.083 0.059 0.028 0.088 0.072 0.061 1943 0.069 0.086 0.072 0.062 0.042 0.090 0.064 0.065 1944 0.160 0.085 0.049 0.059 0.142 0.089 0.039 0.062 1945 0.031 0.084 0.054 0.054 0.026 0.088 0.035 0.057 1946 -0.043 0.083 0.029 0.054 -0.042 0.087 0.018 0.056 1947 0.053 0.085 -0.019 0.055 0.008 0.089 -0.026 0.058 1948 -0.056 0.089 -0.057 0.059 -0.045 0.093 -0.064 0.062 1949 -0.080 0.071 -0.046 0.056 -0.078 0.074 -0.054 0.059 1950 -0.159 0.068 -0.040 0.053 -0.163 0.071 -0.043 0.056 1951 0.014 0.064 -0.001 0.049 0.010 0.067 -0.011 0.052 1952 0.078 0.067 0.004 0.048 0.060 0.070 -0.009 0.050 1953 0.139 0.067 0.014 0.046 0.116 0.069 -0.001 0.049 1954 -0.052 0.066 -0.024 0.044 -0.067 0.069 -0.042 0.046 1955 -0.108 0.062 -0.026 0.042 -0.123 0.065 -0.039 0.044 1956 -0.177 0.055 -0.040 0.040 -0.194 0.058 -0.046 0.042 1957 0.069 0.062 -0.021 0.038 0.071 0.063 -0.025 0.040 1958 0.070 0.056 0.001 0.036 0.080 0.059 -0.001 0.038 1959 0.043 0.052 0.052 0.035 0.041 0.055 0.054 0.037 1960 0.002 0.051 0.045 0.035 -0.005 0.054 0.044 0.036 1961 0.078 0.050 0.045 0.034 0.082 0.052 0.042 0.036 1962 0.032 0.054 -0.003 0.034 0.022 0.055 -0.002 0.035 1963 0.071 0.051 -0.024 0.034 0.073 0.054 -0.022 0.035 1964 -0.196 0.049 -0.046 0.034 -0.182 0.052 -0.046 0.035 1965 -0.103 0.049 -0.051 0.033 -0.106 0.052 -0.051 0.035 1966 -0.033 0.051 -0.075 0.032 -0.034 0.054 -0.073 0.034 1967 0.009 0.049 -0.018 0.031 -0.004 0.051 -0.019 0.033 1968 -0.054 0.046 0.006 0.030 -0.039 0.048 0.010 0.031 1969 0.089 0.046 -0.008 0.029 0.090 0.049 -0.003 0.030 1970 0.019 0.045 -0.012 0.028 0.037 0.048 -0.003 0.030 1971 -0.103 0.047 0.018 0.027 -0.098 0.049 0.026 0.029 1972 -0.012 0.045 -0.025 0.026 -0.007 0.048 -0.018 0.028 1973 0.095 0.042 -0.043 0.026 0.108 0.045 -0.038 0.027 1974 -0.125 0.044 -0.057 0.025 -0.131 0.046 -0.051 0.026 1975 -0.069 0.044 -0.031 0.024 -0.060 0.047 -0.027 0.026 1976 -0.175 0.044 -0.051 0.024 -0.164 0.046 -0.048 0.025 1977 0.118 0.042 -0.009 0.023 0.113 0.044 0.001 0.024 1978 -0.005 0.041 0.045 0.021 0.004 0.043 0.052 0.022 1979 0.083 0.032 0.131 0.022 0.111 0.033 0.129 0.022 1980 0.205 0.035 0.113 0.023 0.196 0.036 0.116 0.024 1981 0.251 0.040 0.159 0.023 0.222 0.041 0.160 0.024 1982 0.031 0.041 0.154 0.023 0.047 0.043 0.148 0.025 1983 0.223 0.039 0.121 0.024 0.225 0.041 0.118 0.025 1984 0.059 0.036 0.089 0.024 0.049 0.038 0.091 0.025 1985 0.042 0.031 0.128 0.024 0.045 0.033 0.127 0.025 1986 0.090 0.035 0.139 0.024 0.087 0.036 0.133 0.025 1987 0.228 0.033 0.159 0.025 0.227 0.034 0.152 0.026 1988 0.278 0.035 0.220 0.027 0.257 0.036 0.210 0.028 1989 0.156 0.036 0.267 0.028 0.145 0.038 0.253 0.029 1990 0.346 0.039 0.252 0.030 0.334 0.041 0.239 0.031 1991 0.328 0.040 0.232 0.031 0.301 0.042 0.221 0.033 1992 0.150 0.041 0.248 0.033 0.158 0.043 0.240 0.035 1993 0.180 0.045 0.255 0.035 0.169 0.047 0.242 0.037 1994 0.234 0.045 0.246 0.036 0.239 0.047 0.227 0.038 1995 0.382 0.045 0.300 0.037 0.342 0.047 0.278 0.039 1996 0.281 0.043 0.379 0.037 0.225 0.045 0.350 0.039 1997 0.424 0.042 0.400 0.038 0.413 0.045 0.363 0.040 1998 0.574 0.047 0.395 0.039 0.530 0.049 0.358 0.041 1999 0.342 0.048 0.439 0.040 0.306 0.050 0.407 0.042 2000 0.356 0.048 0.470 0.041 0.315 0.051 0.431 0.044 2001 0.499 0.047 0.468 0.042 0.472 0.050 0.432 0.044 2002 0.579 0.047 0.494 0.042 0.533 0.049 0.463 0.044 2003 0.566 0.048 0.552 0.042 0.532 0.050 0.517 0.044 2004 0.468 0.046 0.572 0.042 0.463 0.048 0.525 0.044 2005 0.649 0.046 0.577 0.042 0.584 0.048 0.525 0.044 2006 0.598 0.046 0.557 0.041 0.515 0.048 0.504 0.043 2007 0.602 0.043 0.580 0.041 0.531 0.045 0.517 0.043 2008 0.466 0.044 0.580 0.041 0.425 0.046 0.520 0.043 2009 0.584 0.043 0.567 0.040 0.530 0.045 0.512 0.042 2010 0.650 0.044 0.559 0.040 0.599 0.046 0.506 0.042 2011 0.534 0.044 0.583 0.040 0.473 0.046 0.533 0.042 2012 0.563 0.043 0.596 0.040 0.505 0.045 0.549 0.043 2013 0.584 0.044 0.624 0.041 0.556 0.047 0.581 0.043 2014 0.650 0.045 NaN NaN 0.614 0.048 NaN NaN 2015 0.790 0.044 NaN NaN 0.758 0.046 NaN NaN