% This file contains a brief summary of the changes in Earth's global average % surface temperature estimated by combining the Berkeley Earth land-surface % temperature field with a reinterpolated version of the HadSST ocean temperature % field. % % Two versions of this average are reported. These differ in how they treat % locations with sea ice. In the first version, temperature anomalies in the % presence of sea ice are extrapolated from land-surface air temperature anomalies. % In the second version, temperature anomalies in the presence of sea ice are % extrapolated from sea-surface water temperature anomalies (usually collected % from open water areas on the periphery of the sea ice). For most of the % ocean, sea-surface temperatures are similar to near-surface air temperatures; % however, air temperatures above sea ice can differ substantially from the water % below the sea ice. The air temperature version of this average shows larger % changes in the recent period, in part this is because water temperature changes % are limited by the freezing point of ocean water. We believe that the use of air % temperatures above sea ice provides a more natural means of describing changes in % Earth's surface temperature. % % The percent coverage of sea ice was taken from the HadISST dataset and varies % by month and location. In the typical month, between 3.5% and 5.5% of the % Earth's surface is covered with sea ice. Prior to 1900, the ice field merely % repeats a seasonal climatology and is not directly constrained by observations. % For more information on the processing and use of HadISST and HadSST refer to % the description file for the combined gridded data product. % % Temperatures are in Celsius and reported as anomalies % relative to the Jan 1951-Dec 1980 average. Uncertainties represent the 95% confidence % interval for statistical and spatial undersampling effects as well as ocean biases. % % % The land analysis was run on 12-Jan-2017 02:35:35 % The ocean analysis was published on 06-Jan-2017 15:57:53 % % The land component is based on 42811 time series % with 16564842 monthly data points % % The ocean component is based on 342596689 instantaneous % water temperature observations % % Estimated Jan 1951-Dec 1980 global mean temperature (C) % Using air temperature above sea ice: 14.761 +/- 0.048 % Using water temperature below sea ice: 15.299 +/- 0.048 % % % Land + Ocean anomaly using air temperature above sea ice Land + Ocean using water temperature below sea ice % Year, Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc., Annual Anomaly, Annual Unc., Five-year Anomaly, Five-year Unc. 1850 -0.460 0.161 NaN NaN -0.430 0.149 NaN NaN 1851 -0.346 0.154 NaN NaN -0.332 0.144 NaN NaN 1852 -0.329 0.165 -0.368 0.108 -0.306 0.152 -0.346 0.100 1853 -0.376 0.142 -0.339 0.108 -0.354 0.133 -0.316 0.101 1854 -0.331 0.134 -0.361 0.109 -0.311 0.125 -0.336 0.101 1855 -0.312 0.166 -0.412 0.111 -0.277 0.152 -0.382 0.102 1856 -0.457 0.150 -0.425 0.115 -0.431 0.138 -0.394 0.105 1857 -0.583 0.136 -0.438 0.126 -0.539 0.128 -0.407 0.115 1858 -0.443 0.151 -0.466 0.111 -0.415 0.139 -0.437 0.102 1859 -0.396 0.174 -0.486 0.115 -0.374 0.159 -0.456 0.107 1860 -0.449 0.133 -0.494 0.110 -0.427 0.126 -0.461 0.104 1861 -0.560 0.154 -0.489 0.121 -0.523 0.146 -0.454 0.116 1862 -0.619 0.150 -0.495 0.112 -0.565 0.145 -0.460 0.111 1863 -0.420 0.205 -0.473 0.128 -0.382 0.194 -0.437 0.127 1864 -0.429 0.134 -0.416 0.133 -0.400 0.131 -0.381 0.133 1865 -0.338 0.171 -0.343 0.146 -0.313 0.170 -0.317 0.143 1866 -0.273 0.190 -0.305 0.133 -0.246 0.180 -0.281 0.132 1867 -0.256 0.172 -0.272 0.132 -0.246 0.167 -0.251 0.130 1868 -0.231 0.154 -0.270 0.123 -0.203 0.149 -0.251 0.119 1869 -0.260 0.140 -0.284 0.108 -0.249 0.132 -0.265 0.104 1870 -0.330 0.134 -0.295 0.091 -0.314 0.126 -0.274 0.087 1871 -0.343 0.119 -0.304 0.079 -0.315 0.114 -0.285 0.076 1872 -0.310 0.101 -0.322 0.079 -0.291 0.099 -0.304 0.076 1873 -0.276 0.113 -0.338 0.075 -0.255 0.109 -0.317 0.073 1874 -0.349 0.122 -0.351 0.072 -0.346 0.116 -0.331 0.071 1875 -0.411 0.112 -0.293 0.076 -0.379 0.108 -0.275 0.074 1876 -0.409 0.098 -0.225 0.074 -0.383 0.097 -0.212 0.072 1877 -0.020 0.099 -0.209 0.069 -0.010 0.099 -0.191 0.068 1878 0.065 0.109 -0.191 0.067 0.060 0.106 -0.174 0.066 1879 -0.269 0.093 -0.155 0.065 -0.244 0.092 -0.140 0.064 1880 -0.320 0.100 -0.209 0.063 -0.293 0.097 -0.188 0.063 1881 -0.233 0.084 -0.293 0.058 -0.216 0.084 -0.267 0.058 1882 -0.286 0.081 -0.343 0.055 -0.249 0.083 -0.312 0.055 1883 -0.355 0.079 -0.378 0.055 -0.334 0.079 -0.343 0.054 1884 -0.519 0.085 -0.434 0.057 -0.466 0.083 -0.395 0.055 1885 -0.497 0.090 -0.484 0.057 -0.452 0.087 -0.442 0.055 1886 -0.512 0.086 -0.483 0.058 -0.472 0.082 -0.437 0.056 1887 -0.539 0.079 -0.423 0.061 -0.483 0.078 -0.383 0.058 1888 -0.347 0.076 -0.422 0.059 -0.313 0.077 -0.385 0.057 1889 -0.219 0.097 -0.399 0.059 -0.196 0.094 -0.362 0.058 1890 -0.495 0.090 -0.378 0.062 -0.459 0.090 -0.347 0.061 1891 -0.396 0.089 -0.392 0.063 -0.358 0.091 -0.363 0.062 1892 -0.434 0.089 -0.429 0.060 -0.408 0.089 -0.399 0.061 1893 -0.414 0.084 -0.400 0.060 -0.393 0.086 -0.373 0.061 1894 -0.406 0.083 -0.369 0.058 -0.379 0.085 -0.343 0.059 1895 -0.349 0.086 -0.331 0.057 -0.326 0.088 -0.307 0.058 1896 -0.242 0.083 -0.336 0.057 -0.211 0.085 -0.310 0.058 1897 -0.243 0.083 -0.307 0.058 -0.227 0.085 -0.283 0.058 1898 -0.438 0.089 -0.270 0.056 -0.408 0.088 -0.249 0.056 1899 -0.263 0.081 -0.269 0.054 -0.243 0.081 -0.251 0.055 1900 -0.165 0.078 -0.293 0.053 -0.157 0.080 -0.274 0.053 1901 -0.232 0.079 -0.302 0.052 -0.222 0.081 -0.284 0.052 1902 -0.367 0.079 -0.352 0.051 -0.339 0.080 -0.334 0.052 1903 -0.481 0.076 -0.392 0.051 -0.460 0.078 -0.372 0.052 1904 -0.513 0.077 -0.403 0.050 -0.492 0.079 -0.381 0.051 1905 -0.368 0.073 -0.420 0.048 -0.347 0.076 -0.397 0.050 1906 -0.285 0.075 -0.418 0.047 -0.267 0.077 -0.398 0.049 1907 -0.453 0.073 -0.422 0.046 -0.422 0.075 -0.401 0.048 1908 -0.472 0.072 -0.451 0.046 -0.463 0.075 -0.427 0.047 1909 -0.534 0.070 -0.500 0.045 -0.506 0.072 -0.479 0.047 1910 -0.511 0.072 -0.500 0.045 -0.480 0.074 -0.479 0.046 1911 -0.530 0.071 -0.489 0.045 -0.523 0.073 -0.465 0.046 1912 -0.452 0.070 -0.431 0.045 -0.425 0.072 -0.409 0.046 1913 -0.417 0.068 -0.365 0.046 -0.391 0.069 -0.345 0.047 1914 -0.246 0.072 -0.344 0.048 -0.226 0.074 -0.319 0.049 1915 -0.181 0.080 -0.360 0.049 -0.158 0.083 -0.332 0.051 1916 -0.424 0.081 -0.352 0.050 -0.395 0.084 -0.323 0.053 1917 -0.533 0.079 -0.363 0.053 -0.492 0.083 -0.336 0.055 1918 -0.377 0.077 -0.383 0.053 -0.343 0.080 -0.360 0.056 1919 -0.300 0.081 -0.340 0.052 -0.294 0.085 -0.322 0.055 1920 -0.282 0.078 -0.292 0.050 -0.277 0.081 -0.281 0.052 1921 -0.208 0.073 -0.272 0.049 -0.203 0.075 -0.268 0.051 1922 -0.295 0.069 -0.266 0.047 -0.290 0.071 -0.262 0.049 1923 -0.277 0.068 -0.254 0.047 -0.276 0.070 -0.250 0.048 1924 -0.266 0.068 -0.227 0.046 -0.266 0.070 -0.222 0.048 1925 -0.223 0.069 -0.206 0.047 -0.216 0.071 -0.201 0.048 1926 -0.076 0.067 -0.185 0.048 -0.063 0.069 -0.179 0.049 1927 -0.188 0.065 -0.202 0.048 -0.182 0.066 -0.193 0.049 1928 -0.170 0.070 -0.183 0.047 -0.169 0.070 -0.176 0.048 1929 -0.354 0.066 -0.183 0.048 -0.334 0.067 -0.180 0.048 1930 -0.125 0.070 -0.168 0.047 -0.133 0.071 -0.167 0.047 1931 -0.076 0.066 -0.193 0.046 -0.081 0.067 -0.191 0.046 1932 -0.114 0.062 -0.154 0.045 -0.116 0.063 -0.155 0.045 1933 -0.298 0.066 -0.169 0.043 -0.288 0.067 -0.166 0.044 1934 -0.160 0.063 -0.183 0.042 -0.158 0.065 -0.177 0.043 1935 -0.199 0.064 -0.156 0.042 -0.186 0.065 -0.154 0.043 1936 -0.145 0.060 -0.092 0.041 -0.136 0.062 -0.098 0.042 1937 0.023 0.062 -0.061 0.041 -0.000 0.064 -0.065 0.042 1938 0.022 0.065 -0.002 0.042 -0.008 0.067 -0.015 0.043 1939 -0.005 0.071 0.041 0.044 0.003 0.074 0.029 0.045 1940 0.093 0.073 0.043 0.048 0.068 0.076 0.035 0.050 1941 0.073 0.075 0.053 0.054 0.083 0.078 0.046 0.056 1942 0.033 0.084 0.087 0.059 0.030 0.088 0.074 0.062 1943 0.072 0.087 0.075 0.063 0.045 0.091 0.066 0.066 1944 0.162 0.087 0.052 0.060 0.144 0.090 0.042 0.062 1945 0.033 0.084 0.056 0.055 0.028 0.088 0.038 0.057 1946 -0.041 0.084 0.031 0.054 -0.039 0.087 0.020 0.057 1947 0.055 0.085 -0.018 0.056 0.011 0.089 -0.025 0.058 1948 -0.055 0.090 -0.057 0.060 -0.044 0.094 -0.064 0.063 1949 -0.082 0.073 -0.046 0.057 -0.080 0.076 -0.054 0.060 1950 -0.161 0.069 -0.042 0.054 -0.165 0.072 -0.044 0.056 1951 0.013 0.064 -0.003 0.050 0.009 0.067 -0.012 0.052 1952 0.078 0.068 0.003 0.048 0.060 0.070 -0.010 0.051 1953 0.139 0.067 0.014 0.047 0.116 0.070 -0.001 0.049 1954 -0.052 0.066 -0.025 0.044 -0.068 0.069 -0.042 0.047 1955 -0.108 0.063 -0.027 0.041 -0.123 0.065 -0.040 0.044 1956 -0.179 0.056 -0.041 0.040 -0.195 0.059 -0.047 0.042 1957 0.067 0.061 -0.022 0.038 0.070 0.062 -0.025 0.040 1958 0.070 0.056 0.000 0.036 0.081 0.058 -0.002 0.038 1959 0.042 0.052 0.051 0.035 0.040 0.055 0.053 0.037 1960 0.000 0.053 0.044 0.036 -0.006 0.056 0.044 0.037 1961 0.077 0.050 0.044 0.035 0.081 0.053 0.042 0.037 1962 0.030 0.056 -0.004 0.035 0.021 0.057 -0.003 0.036 1963 0.070 0.052 -0.024 0.035 0.072 0.055 -0.023 0.036 1964 -0.197 0.050 -0.047 0.035 -0.182 0.052 -0.046 0.037 1965 -0.103 0.050 -0.052 0.034 -0.106 0.053 -0.051 0.036 1966 -0.034 0.052 -0.077 0.033 -0.036 0.055 -0.074 0.035 1967 0.006 0.049 -0.020 0.033 -0.006 0.052 -0.020 0.034 1968 -0.056 0.049 0.005 0.031 -0.040 0.051 0.009 0.032 1969 0.087 0.048 -0.009 0.030 0.089 0.050 -0.003 0.031 1970 0.020 0.045 -0.012 0.030 0.038 0.048 -0.003 0.031 1971 -0.103 0.047 0.018 0.028 -0.097 0.050 0.027 0.029 1972 -0.010 0.047 -0.024 0.027 -0.005 0.049 -0.017 0.028 1973 0.098 0.042 -0.041 0.026 0.110 0.045 -0.036 0.028 1974 -0.123 0.044 -0.055 0.025 -0.130 0.046 -0.050 0.027 1975 -0.067 0.045 -0.029 0.024 -0.060 0.047 -0.026 0.026 1976 -0.173 0.044 -0.049 0.024 -0.163 0.047 -0.047 0.025 1977 0.119 0.042 -0.008 0.022 0.114 0.044 0.001 0.024 1978 -0.003 0.041 0.047 0.021 0.005 0.043 0.053 0.022 1979 0.084 0.030 0.132 0.021 0.111 0.031 0.130 0.022 1980 0.209 0.034 0.115 0.022 0.199 0.036 0.118 0.023 1981 0.253 0.039 0.161 0.022 0.223 0.041 0.162 0.023 1982 0.035 0.040 0.157 0.023 0.050 0.042 0.150 0.024 1983 0.226 0.040 0.124 0.023 0.228 0.042 0.120 0.024 1984 0.062 0.036 0.092 0.023 0.052 0.038 0.093 0.025 1985 0.045 0.030 0.131 0.023 0.047 0.032 0.129 0.024 1986 0.092 0.033 0.142 0.023 0.088 0.035 0.135 0.025 1987 0.231 0.032 0.161 0.024 0.229 0.034 0.154 0.026 1988 0.279 0.034 0.221 0.026 0.259 0.036 0.212 0.028 1989 0.158 0.038 0.269 0.028 0.147 0.039 0.255 0.029 1990 0.346 0.038 0.254 0.030 0.335 0.040 0.241 0.032 1991 0.332 0.040 0.235 0.032 0.305 0.042 0.224 0.033 1992 0.155 0.043 0.251 0.034 0.161 0.044 0.243 0.035 1993 0.184 0.045 0.259 0.035 0.171 0.047 0.245 0.037 1994 0.238 0.045 0.249 0.036 0.242 0.047 0.229 0.038 1995 0.385 0.044 0.304 0.037 0.345 0.047 0.280 0.039 1996 0.284 0.043 0.382 0.038 0.228 0.046 0.352 0.040 1997 0.427 0.045 0.403 0.039 0.415 0.046 0.365 0.041 1998 0.576 0.047 0.398 0.040 0.532 0.050 0.360 0.042 1999 0.344 0.048 0.441 0.041 0.308 0.050 0.409 0.043 2000 0.358 0.049 0.472 0.042 0.317 0.051 0.433 0.044 2001 0.500 0.049 0.470 0.042 0.473 0.051 0.433 0.044 2002 0.581 0.047 0.495 0.043 0.534 0.049 0.464 0.045 2003 0.568 0.048 0.554 0.043 0.533 0.050 0.518 0.045 2004 0.468 0.046 0.574 0.042 0.463 0.048 0.526 0.044 2005 0.652 0.047 0.578 0.042 0.586 0.049 0.526 0.044 2006 0.600 0.045 0.559 0.042 0.516 0.048 0.505 0.044 2007 0.604 0.044 0.582 0.042 0.532 0.046 0.519 0.043 2008 0.469 0.044 0.582 0.041 0.427 0.046 0.522 0.043 2009 0.587 0.044 0.569 0.041 0.533 0.046 0.514 0.043 2010 0.652 0.044 0.562 0.040 0.601 0.046 0.509 0.042 2011 0.535 0.043 0.585 0.040 0.476 0.045 0.535 0.042 2012 0.564 0.043 0.598 0.041 0.506 0.045 0.552 0.043 2013 0.587 0.044 0.626 0.041 0.559 0.047 0.583 0.043 2014 0.652 0.046 0.706 0.041 0.615 0.048 0.655 0.043 2015 0.791 0.043 NaN NaN 0.759 0.046 NaN NaN 2016 0.938 0.046 NaN NaN 0.837 0.047 NaN NaN